bullet points from notes on hell and some beautiful artwork, too…
–psychoanalytical thought says that guilt inevitably leads to some sort punishment, and if it’s not a literal hell, then persons usually find/create their own hell.
–different names for the being who rules hell: the beast, the deceiver, the father of lies.
–ancient hell: Egyptians were obsessed with immortality, as is evidenced by all the effort they went through simply to protect the physical body. in their art, especially in burial scenes, they painted deserts, crocs, lakes of flame. Egyptian mythology had 7 gates a person had to go through just to get to the entrance of the “afterlife.” the book of the dead held the rituals and secrets to make it through these gates. Egyptians were the first culture known to believe that there was a soul that lived on after death. the god Osiris gave final judgment. unworthy souls were devoured by Amut (literally “hell mouth.” hmmm.)
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<– Amut, the sexy beast that was part hippo, croc, and leopard. please note that while being devoured is generally an unpleasant experience, ancient Egyptians preferred to wander the underworld forever than to get eaten and simply cease existing.
–generally in ancient cultures, a person didn’t “go to hell” as much as hell consumed souls. the vast majority of art depicts beasts that consume souls across cultures.
–Zoroaster, 6th century: Shinva bridge is where judgment takes place. it’s a razor thin bridge. you would start across bridge and only a good person would have a light soul, whilst the evil have heavy souls, and thus fall off the bridge.
–the Bible: Old Testament only has brief references to hell: Sheol (the grave, the pit, abode of the dead, a gloomy place). it’s the destination of both the righteous and evil. it’s synonymous with separation from God. Isaiah 38:18-19
–Sheol is not in NT. Hades is NT. Hades (from Greek mythology) is the ruler of the netherworld, as well as the domain itself. scholars assign the same meaning to both, not a place of torment, but just the realm of the dead. the first time hell is mentioned in reference to punishment is in Daniel 12:2.
–visual depiction: Gehenna: trash heap where refuse was constantly burned. Matt 13:42, 25:41. 2 The: 1:8-9. question: where do theologians get the idea of the absence of the presence of God as the best depiction of hell? why? ancient notions of hell compare it to a lake; changing, undulating. it fits with the idea of anti-God, which is chaotic.
–Augustine felt that in order to appreciate grace, you had to know that the majority of people you knew were going to be damned. (fail, Augustine, fail.) in his Confessions: unbaptized infants could not go to heaven, because of original sin (until baptism). sexual sins were the worst in his book (look at City of God). and even worse than sex was something so vile it hardly bears mentioning: women. (fail again. i loves the ladies. i mean lady. too bad Augustine didn’t.) holy men latched onto his teachings to further their own agendas. especially within the past 300 years, preachers went on and on about the smell, visuals, the carnage, and scared people into the pews. as time went on, churches realized that the spectacle was attracting people, and as so many continue to do till this day, they did what they thought would bring the numbers.
–many early Christian pictures show the “abominable fancy”: the righteous observing the torment of the damned, almost gleefully, as if in the balcony of a theater. hmmm. sounds terrifyingly familiar.
–Seth, crimson Egyptian God, and Pan, Greek god, half man, half beast with cloven hoofs who ruled sexual desire.
–the serpent in Genesis was literally just a serpent. that changed once early Christians god their grubby little hands on the text, searching desperately for Satan where he had not previously been. if they’re one and the same, why does God grant Satan dominion over hell? over earth? really? he just cursed him above all wild animals…
–in the 6th century, Pope Gregory comes up with the 7 deadly sins, calling this the work of the devil now. horns, tail, and much of the medieval Christian notions of Satan spring from imagery rather than scripture. (Alan Segal, Barnard College).
–by the 10th century, Satan dominates religious art, having many forms, usually large, dark, or black. soon, in Renaissance thought, being far from God is far from light, far from warmth, and then, Satan becomes blue (read: cold). (sometimes portrayed as half human/half animal, or all animal, but blue). anyone who opposes the Catholic church becomes a friend of Satan and is thus depicted in art. it’s easy to find old paintings of Jews, with long hooked noses. Jews doubted the empty tomb, and thus those who doubt the Church become synonymous with Jews. plagues become blamed on those who trade with Jews. in 1236, Pope Gregory 9 condemns the Talmud as a Satanic text. Christians, puzzled by Muslim traditions of bathing frequently (ouch) dub Islamic bath houses temples to the Devil.
–2 poets who formed new perceptions of Hell: Dante Algheri, writer of the Divine Comedy. it’s inspired by events in the author’s life. the Vatican wanted control of all of Tuscany. Dante believed that the Pope should share power with civic authority, so he was arrested and exiled.
–the Divine Comedy has 9 circles of hell to punish specific sins. punishment goes with the severity of sin. perhaps this is the first time this notion is suggested? the unforgiveable act is betrayal of trust. the 9th circle is occupied by the great traitors. Celestine V is near the gate here (you can wiki why this might be) and Boniface VIII are both at this level. suddenly, Italian artists leave the traditional narratives of the Christian faith and switch to Dante’s version. the DC is translated quickly into every European language.
–John Milton revolutionized the Devil, portraying him as a warlord with a huge ego. in real life, Milton lost 2 wives, 2 children, and his sight. “Paradise Lost” retells the story of Lucifer’s fall. “better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven” comes straight from the book. generally speaking, it’s hard to identify with God, but this version of Satan has a humanity that is relatable.
–the problem of Job: Satan is listed here as an angel who tests humans. there’s no indication of timeline here, that the fall has already taken place. (we know how this goes). from Michael Sugrue, Ave Maria University: “Satan makes a wager with God. now this is profoundly diabolical. what could be more futile than betting against God? what are your chances of winning? zero. so why would anyone take such a bet? only to do evil for evil’s sake.”
–something i personally like about the idea of hell/satan: if Satan has dominion over the earth and hell, i like the idea of revolution and insurrection against the ruling powers. perhaps the song as a whole is a bit cheesy, but the old hymn “this is my father’s world” flies in the face of the one who currently has the reigns… for now.
–the Apostle’s Creed is written somewhere between the 2nd and 9th centuries. most theologians interpret the phrase “He descended into hell. the third day He arose again from the dead” to indicate not that Jesus had gone to hell for the damned or to battle Satan, but that Jesus had descended to Sheol to free the souls of the righteous who had been waiting there.
–see Catholic tradition “ the harrowing of hell.” guess which one of Chad’s fave theologians wrote about this odd little doctrine? hint: it rhymes with vermillion.
special thanks to the history channel for all their research that i’m now relaying.